![]() Previously reported 3D LGE sequences, however, suffered from long breath-hold duration > 20 s, thereby compromising the efficiency in potentially vulnerable patients. Alternatively, 3D imaging has been proposed with the potential advantage of isotropic resolution and extended myocardial coverage, allowing for assessment of scar tissue in thinner myocardial walls like the atria or the right ventricle. ![]() Such 2D approaches may suffer from slice misregistration (incomplete breath-holding), artifacts due to respiratory motion, and constraints in spatial resolution. A two-dimensional (2D) inversion recovery fast spoiled gradient-echo or balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequence acquired in multiple breath-holds is commonly used to evaluate LGE. The concept is based on a delayed hyperenhancement due to increased extracellular myocardial volume in the aforementioned diseases. In cardiac MRI (CMR), late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) is an important tool in the assessment of necrosis and fibrosis after myocardial infarction, as well as in various non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, e.g., to determine the severity of infectious myocarditis.
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